Winter Home Inspection Guide

The Stress Test Season

Ice Dams & Roof Stress

Ice dams are one of the top three inspection issues in Southeast Michigan, and winter is the only season you can see them in action. They form when heat escapes through the attic, melts snow on the roof, and the meltwater refreezes at the colder eaves — creating a dam that forces water under shingles and into the home.

• Icicles at the roof edge — not just cosmetic; large icicles indicate heat loss and ice dam formation
• Uneven snow melt — if patches of the roof are bare while others have snow, heat is escaping unevenly. This points to insulation gaps
• Ice buildup in gutters — packed ice in gutters prevents drainage and adds destructive weight
• Water stains in the attic — even if the roof looks fine from outside, check attic sheathing for dark stains indicating past water intrusion from ice dams

Frozen Pipe Risk

An estimated 250,000 Michigan homes are damaged by frozen pipes every winter. Even a tiny crack from a frozen pipe can leak 250 gallons per day. Winter inspections should evaluate which pipes are at risk and whether the home is adequately protected.

• Pipes in exterior walls — especially kitchen and bathroom supply lines. If faucets have low flow on an exterior wall, pipes may already be partially frozen
• Crawl spaces and unheated basements — pipes should be insulated. Exposed copper or PEX in a 10°F crawl space is a freeze risk
• Garage plumbing — laundry or utility sinks in unheated garages are high risk
• Outdoor hose bibs — should be frost-free type or have interior shut-offs that are closed for winter

Furnace Performance Under Real Load

A furnace that passed a fall inspection might still struggle in January when it's -5°F outside and the system has been running 24/7 for weeks. Winter is the ultimate stress test for heating systems.

• Can it maintain temperature? — if the thermostat says 70°F but the house feels cold, the system may be undersized or failing
• Uneven heating — significant temperature differences between floors or rooms suggest duct issues or an undersized system
• Short cycling — furnace turning on and off frequently (every few minutes) indicates a problem — overheating, thermostat issues, or a cracked heat exchanger
• Strange noises — banging, popping, or squealing from the furnace during operation warrants closer evaluation

Carbon Monoxide Safety

Carbon monoxide poisoning peaks in winter because heating systems run constantly and homes are sealed tight. CO is colorless and odorless — you cannot detect it without a detector or professional equipment. Over 400 Americans die from unintentional CO poisoning annually, and thousands more are hospitalized.

• CO detectors — should be on every level of the home, especially near bedrooms. Check that they're present, functional, and not expired (most last 5-7 years)
• Furnace heat exchanger — cracks allow combustion gases including CO to enter the living space. This is the #1 source of residential CO
• Water heater venting — gas water heaters need proper venting to the exterior. Backdrafting pushes CO into the home
• Attached garage — the shared wall and any connecting door should be properly sealed. Car exhaust in an attached garage can migrate into the house

Insulation Effectiveness — Visible in Real Time

Winter is the one season where insulation problems are directly observable. Drafty rooms, cold spots, frost on interior nail heads, and condensation on windows all point to insulation or air sealing deficiencies that are invisible in warmer months.

• Frost on nail heads in the attic — indicates warm moist air from the living space reaching the cold attic sheathing
• Cold walls — an exterior wall that feels significantly colder than interior walls may lack insulation
• Condensation or ice on windows — interior condensation means excessive humidity or failed seals; exterior frost patterns can reveal where heat is escaping
• Thermal imaging — winter is the ideal time for an infrared scan. The temperature differential between inside and outside makes heat loss points glow on camera

What a Winter Inspection Can't Fully Evaluate

Every season has blind spots. Here's what winter conceals:

• Roof surface — snow cover may hide damaged shingles, though attic inspection can still reveal leaks
• Air conditioning — can't be tested below ~65°F outdoor temperature. Most inspectors will note the AC was not tested due to temperature
• Grading and drainage — frozen or snow-covered ground hides drainage patterns
• Exterior paint and siding — snow and ice may obscure portions of the exterior
• Landscaping and pools — winterized pools and dormant landscaping can't be assessed

Questions to Ask Your Inspector in Winter